Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protein expression changes of FABP1, Acox2, Hmgcs2, and Acaa1b, PLTP. A , immunohistochemical staining of FABP1, Acox2, Hmgcs2, and Acaa1b, PLTP and quantification of average fluorescence intensity (n = 3, 20× magnification, three fields of view were selected for each kidney section for quantification). B , information on changes in abundance of five proteins in label-free proteome quantitation. For comparisons involving multiple groups, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test was employed. Significance levels are denoted as follows: ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001. FAB1, fatty acid–binding protein 1.

Article Snippet: Rabbit monoclonal FABP1 antibody (diluted 1:4000; Arkham) was used as the primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit IgG (Boster) as the secondary antibody.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Fluorescence, Quantitation Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visualization and fluorescence quantification of HK-2 cell surface HS and intracellular FABP1. A , superpositively charged green fluorescent protein (ScGFP) labels highly negatively charged components on the cell surface. The green color diminished after incubation with heparinase ( bottom ), suggesting that HS is the dominant negatively charged species in HK-2. The scale bar represents 20 μm. B , visualization and fluorescence quantification of HS on the cell surface after high-glucose-high-fat treatment and high-glucose-high-fat + LMWH treatment with HK-2. The scale bar represents 20 μm. C , results of quantification of HS on the surface of HK-2 cells by LC-MRM (n = 3). D , composition of HS disaccharides on the surface of HK-2 cells (n = 3, ΔIS: ΔGlcA2S-GlcNS6S, ΔIIS: ΔGlcA-GlcNS6S, ΔIIIS: ΔGlcA2S-GlcNS, ΔIVS: ΔGlcA-GlcNS, ΔIA: ΔGlcA2S-GlcNAc6S, ΔIIA: ΔGlcA-GlcNAc6S, ΔIIA: ΔGlcA2S-GlcNAc6S, ΔIIIA: ΔGlcA2S-GlcNAc, ΔIVA: ΔGlcA-GlcNAc). E , visualization and fluorescence quantification of HK-2 endocytosis FABP1. The change of red fluorescence revealed that LMWH could reverse the endocytosis of FABP1 by HK-2 in a high-glucose-high-fat environment to a certain extent (n = 3, three fields of view were selected and the fluorescence of all cells in each field of view was quantified). The scale bar represents 20 μm. F , assess the effect of altered intracellular FABP1 levels on PPAR signaling using luciferase reporter assays. G , Western blot analysis of target gene proteins downstream of PPAR. H , analysis of the effect of high-glucose-high-fat on PPAR activation. The data from the two cohorts were subjected to analysis using the independent samples t test. For comparisons involving multiple groups, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test was employed. Significance levels are denoted as follows: ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001. FAB1, fatty acid–binding protein 1; HS, heparan sulfate; LC, liquid chromatography; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor.

Article Snippet: Rabbit monoclonal FABP1 antibody (diluted 1:4000; Arkham) was used as the primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit IgG (Boster) as the secondary antibody.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Incubation, Luciferase, Western Blot, Activation Assay, Binding Assay, Liquid Chromatography, Molecular Weight, Targeted Proteomics

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of silencing FABP1 on apoptosis of HK-2 cells in a high-glucose-high-fat environment. For comparisons involving multiple groups, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test was employed. Significance levels are denoted as follows: ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001. FAB1, fatty acid–binding protein 1.

Article Snippet: Rabbit monoclonal FABP1 antibody (diluted 1:4000; Arkham) was used as the primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit IgG (Boster) as the secondary antibody.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of FABP1–HS interactions and characterization of oligosaccharide structures involved in the interactions. A , BLI. B , FABP1 affinity chromatography separated affinity LMWH and SEC analysis affinity LMWH polymerization degree changes. C , schematic of complete enzymatic hydrolysis and HONO degradation of LMWH. D , comparison of the relative content of disaccharides after HONO degradation of LMWH-dp8 and affinity-dp8. E , comparison of the relative content of disaccharides after complete enzymatic hydrolysis of LMWH-dp8 and affinity-dp8. F , TOP20 sequence obtained by Sep-GAG software. G , SAX chromatogram of affinity-dp8. H , MS/MS sequencing results of the five major components of affinity-dp8. I , Sep-GAG combined with MS/MS sequencing to obtain sequences of the five components of affinity-dp8. BLI, biolayer interferometry; FAB1, fatty acid–binding protein 1; GAG, glycosaminoglycan; HONO, nitrous acid; HS, heparan sulfate; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; SAX, strong anion exchange chromatography; SEC, size-exclusion chromatography.

Article Snippet: Rabbit monoclonal FABP1 antibody (diluted 1:4000; Arkham) was used as the primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit IgG (Boster) as the secondary antibody.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Affinity Chromatography, Comparison, Sequencing, Software, Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, Binding Assay, Molecular Weight, Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Size-exclusion Chromatography

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Molecular docking of dp6 and FABP1. Left panel shows the complex of the FABP1 (shown in part) and the hexasaccharide, visualized using AutoDock simulation. The right panel demonstrates the contributions of the protein and oligosaccharide binding motifs and the types of interactions ( orange dashed arrows represent electrostatic attractions, and green dashed arrows represent hydrogen bonds). FAB1, fatty acid–binding protein 1.

Article Snippet: Rabbit monoclonal FABP1 antibody (diluted 1:4000; Arkham) was used as the primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit IgG (Boster) as the secondary antibody.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Article Title: Dietary methionine deficiency stunts growth and increases fat deposition via suppression of fatty acids transportation and hepatic catabolism in Pekin ducks

doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00709-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: The main differentially expressed proteins in liver of Pekin ducks induced by dietary methionine deficiency

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM) (ab92461, Abcam, 1:5000), NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 (NDUFS1) (ab169540, Abcam, 1:5000), albumin (ALB) (AP21444SU-N, OriGene,1:2500), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (WL03271, Wanleibio,1:2000), fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) (A5311, Abclonal, 1:2500), fatty acid synthase (FASN) (A0461, Abclonal, 1:2500), adipose triacylglyceride lipase (ATGL) (A6245, Abclonal, 1:2500), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (A15686, Abclonal, 1:2500), and phosphor-hormone-sensitive lipase at Ser563 (p-HSL-S563) (AP0851, Abclonal, 1:2500) were used.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Article Title: Dietary methionine deficiency stunts growth and increases fat deposition via suppression of fatty acids transportation and hepatic catabolism in Pekin ducks

doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00709-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Verification of hepatic proteomic analyses in Pekin ducks by Western blot and real-time PCR. The mRNA abundances were determined by real-time PCR analysis ( a ) and protein expression determined by Western Blot ( b ) in liver; ( c, d ) fold change of selected proteins between real-time PCR, Western blot validation and proteomics analysis. Results are presented as means with plus error bars (standard deviation). Differences were assessed by Student’s t test ( n = 6) and denoted as follows: * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. Met-D, Met-deficient; Met-A, Met-adequate. FABP1 (L-FABP), Fatty acid-binding protein, liver; ACBP, Acyl-CoA-binding protein; ACSL5, Acyl coenzyme A long-chain 5 synthetase; FATP5, Fatty acid transport protein 5; LDHA, Lactate dehydrogenase A chain; FASN, Fatty acid synthase; NDUFS1, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1; ACADM, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain; ALB, Albumin

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM) (ab92461, Abcam, 1:5000), NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 (NDUFS1) (ab169540, Abcam, 1:5000), albumin (ALB) (AP21444SU-N, OriGene,1:2500), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (WL03271, Wanleibio,1:2000), fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) (A5311, Abclonal, 1:2500), fatty acid synthase (FASN) (A0461, Abclonal, 1:2500), adipose triacylglyceride lipase (ATGL) (A6245, Abclonal, 1:2500), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (A15686, Abclonal, 1:2500), and phosphor-hormone-sensitive lipase at Ser563 (p-HSL-S563) (AP0851, Abclonal, 1:2500) were used.

Techniques: Western Blot, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Standard Deviation, Binding Assay

Journal: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Article Title: Dietary methionine deficiency stunts growth and increases fat deposition via suppression of fatty acids transportation and hepatic catabolism in Pekin ducks

doi: 10.1186/s40104-022-00709-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of the differentially expressed proteins involved in lipid metabolism induced by dietary Met deficiency. Proteins involved in lipid metabolism that were affected by dietary Met deficiency; those in red were up-expressed, whereas those in green were down-expressed. FAs, Fatty acids; TG, Triglyceride; ALB, Albumin; FA-CoA, Acyl-CoA; A-CoA, Acetyl-CoA; KB, Ketone body; PA, Pyruvic acid; LD, Lactic acid; GLU, glucose; NEFA, Non-esterified fatty acid; LDH, Lactic dehydrogenase; L-FABP (FABP1), Fatty acid-binding protein, liver; ACBP, Acyl-CoA-binding protein; ACSL5, Acyl coenzyme A long-chain 5 synthetase; FATP5, Fatty acid transport protein 5; ATGL, Adipose triacylglyceride lipase; ACADM, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain; NDUFS1, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1; HSL, Hormone-sensitive lipase; ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate; MDH, Malate dehydrogenase; IDH1, Isocitrate dehydrogenase; DLD, Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; HADH, Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK1, Phosphoglycerate kinase; HMGCS2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM) (ab92461, Abcam, 1:5000), NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 (NDUFS1) (ab169540, Abcam, 1:5000), albumin (ALB) (AP21444SU-N, OriGene,1:2500), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (WL03271, Wanleibio,1:2000), fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) (A5311, Abclonal, 1:2500), fatty acid synthase (FASN) (A0461, Abclonal, 1:2500), adipose triacylglyceride lipase (ATGL) (A6245, Abclonal, 1:2500), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (A15686, Abclonal, 1:2500), and phosphor-hormone-sensitive lipase at Ser563 (p-HSL-S563) (AP0851, Abclonal, 1:2500) were used.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparing Gal-9, sTIM-3, FABP1, and FABP4 serum levels between RA patients with/without NAFLD and HC. Serum (A) Gal-9, (B) sTIM-3, (C) FABP1, and (D) FABP4 levels were expressed between RA patients and HC subjects. Serum (E) Gal-9, (F) sTIM-3, (G) FABP1, and (H) FABP4 levels expression in RA patients with severity NAFLD. RA subjects with fatty liver were diagnosed by ultrasound and then divided into two subgroups according to the severity of fatty liver: none-to-mild NAFLD (grades 0 to 2) and moderate-to-severe NAFLD (grades 3 to 5). Gal-9, galectin-9; sTIM-3, soluble a ligand of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing-molecule-3; FABP, fatty acid binding protein. Data are presented as box-plot diagrams, with the box encompassing the 25th percentile (lower bar) to the 75th percentile (upper bar). The horizontal line within the box indicates median value, respectively, for each group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, determined by Mann–Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of gal-9 on intracellular lipid accumulation in liver cells through inducing FABP1 expression. (A) Human hepatic cells were treated with Gal-9 coincubation with/without OA (100 nM) or PA (200 nM) for 24 h. The lipid droplet area of red oil O staining of human hepatocytes was measured using Image J software. The image was converted into a binarization using this selected threshold value. The area of lipid accumulation on human hepatocytes was then measured using the identified threshold value within 5 randomly selected microscopic fields. Fold change of normalized control was represented the three independent Red Oil O staining for (B) OA and (C) PA treatment. Fold change as mean ± SD. scale bar, 100 μ m. These results were obtained in 3 independent experiments. (D) Gal-9 and OA/PA induced FABP1 expression in human hepatocytes. (E) Intensity of protein levels were quantified by Image J software for four independent western blotting. Data was represented as mean ± SD. Gal-9, galectin-9; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; OA, oleic acid; PA, palmitic acid. * p < 0.05, determined by Mann–Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Software, Control, Western Blot, Binding Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: The change of Gal-9 levels, FABP1 levels, DAS28-ESR, US-FLI and Lipid profile in RA patents after therapy. (A–C) The change of Gal-9, FABP1 levels, and DAS28-ESR in RA patients with NAFLD after therapy. (D) The change of US-FLI in moderate-to-severe NAFLD in RA patients after therapy. (E) The change of Lipid profile in RA patients with JAKi treatment. (F) The change of Gal-9 and FABP1 in RA patients with JAKi treatment. Gal-9, galectin-9; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. Disease activity was assessed using the 28-joint disease activity score-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR); US-fatty liver indicator (FLI). *** p < 0.001, determined by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Sedimentation

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: Logistic regression analysis of laboratory parameters to predict RA patients with NAFLD.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: Logistic regression analysis of laboratory parameters to predict the severity of NAFLD in RA patients.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

Article Title: Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268

Figure Lengend Snippet: The potential pathogenic role of Gal-9 and sTIM-3 in RA-related NAFLD. Serum levels of Gal-9, sTIM-3 and FABP1 as well as systemic inflammatory parameters including CRP levels and DAS28-ESR scores were significantly elevated in RA patients and were even higher in those with moderate-to-severe NAFLD. Gal-9-induced FABP1 expression may be through the binding of TIM-3, resulting in accumulated lipid droplet in hepatocyte. Besides, the elevated levels of sTIM-3, which could block membrane-bound TIM-3 expressed on T cell and thus restored proliferation as well as activation of these immune cells. Gal-9, galectin-9; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; CRP, C-reactive protein; DAS28-ESR, 28-joint disease activity score-erythrocyte sedimentation rate; sTIM-3, soluble TIM-3.

Article Snippet: The membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) (Bionovas, Inc., Washington, DC, United States) for 30 min at RT and subsequently incubated with specific anti-human FABP1 antibody (Cat# GTX53712, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) and anti-GAPDH antibody (Cat# GTX100118, GeneTex Inc. Irvine, CA, United States) at 4°Covernight.

Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, Blocking Assay, Membrane, Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Sedimentation

Journal: ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science

Article Title: PPARγ Functional Deficiency Expedited Fatty Acid Utilization in the Liver: A Foundation of Inflammatory Adipokine-Induced Hypolipemia in Rheumatoid Arthritis

doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rheumatic conditions altered energy metabolism in the liver of rats/mice. (A) Levels of energy metabolism-related metabolites (total amino acid, glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, TG, NEFA, and Ac-CoA) in the liver of healthy and AIA rats; (B) levels of these metabolites in the liver of healthy and AA mice; (C) levels of CPT-1A and FAS in the rats’ liver; (D) levels of the two metabolic regulators in the mice’s liver; (E) WB analysis of PPARγ, CD36, FABP1, ATGL, and CPT-1A expression in the rats’ liver; (F) WB analysis of these metabolic regulators’ expression in the mice’s liver; and (G,H) quantified results of experiment (E,F). Statistical significance: * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 compared with healthy controls.

Article Snippet: Antirat/mouse β-ACTIN, PPARγ, CD36, FABP1, ATGL, CPT-1A, and p65 and p-p65 primary antibodies were supplied by Affinity Biosciences (Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science

Article Title: PPARγ Functional Deficiency Expedited Fatty Acid Utilization in the Liver: A Foundation of Inflammatory Adipokine-Induced Hypolipemia in Rheumatoid Arthritis

doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00470

Figure Lengend Snippet: PPARγ functional deficiency contributed to RA blood serum-induced pathological interaction of adipocytes-hepatocytes. (A) Intracellular distribution of p65 subunit and PPARγ in different human serum-cultured rat preadipocytes (arrow: p65 accumulation in nucleus); (B) WB analysis of PPARγ and (p)-p65 subunit expression in different human serum-stimulated rat adipocytes; (C) quantified results of experiment (B); (D) NF-κB transcription activity of the adipocytes; (E) levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 released by the adipocytes; (F) result of the Co-IP assay performed using the adipocytes; (G) PPARγ transcription activity of HepG2 cells cultured by the medium from experiment (B); (H) WB analysis of PPARγ, CD36, FABP1, ATGL, and CPT-1A expression in the hepatocytes; (I) quantified results of experiment (H); (J) intracellular distribution of PPARγ in the hepatocytes (arrow: PPARγ expression decrease); and (K) RA impairs the inhibition of PPARγ on NF-κB in preadipocytes and promotes production of inflammatory adipokines, which expedite FAO in hepatocytes by repressing the PPARγ signal. Statistical significance: * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 compared with normal control cells.

Article Snippet: Antirat/mouse β-ACTIN, PPARγ, CD36, FABP1, ATGL, CPT-1A, and p65 and p-p65 primary antibodies were supplied by Affinity Biosciences (Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Cell Culture, Expressing, Activity Assay, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Inhibition, Control